They are alienated from the life of God. Paul added, “remember that at that time you were separate from Christ, excluded from citizenship in Israel and foreigners to the covenants of the promise, without hope and without God [atheoi] in the world” (2:12; cf. Col 1:21). Cut off from the fellowship and privileges of God’s people, the Ephesians prior to their conversion had no life in God, no hope in the present, and no hope beyond the grave. (3) The unconverted are guilty and condemned. Unable to keep